A Comprehensive Review of Artificial Intelligence: Foundations, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions
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Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the most transformative technologies of the 21st century, influencing scientific research, industrial automation, healthcare innovation, financial systems, and societal structures. This paper presents a detailed review of AI, covering its historical evolution, core methodologies, interdisciplinary applications, ethical implications, technical limitations, and future research directions. Foundational paradigms including symbolic AI, machine learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning are examined. The paper further evaluates AI’s role in healthcare diagnostics, financial analytics, natural language processing, robotics, and sustainable development. Despite significant achievements, AI systems face challenges related to bias, interpretability, computational cost, and data dependency. This review synthesizes current advancements while identifying research gaps and strategic pathways for responsible and sustainable AI development.
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References
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